College Binge Drinking Not All Just Fun and Games Essay

College Binge Drinking: Not All Just Fun and Games For those who go out and drink in college, it is all about the good times, right? What everyone does not think about is the potential danger that drinking can cause, especially to the astonishing amount of college students who drink heavily on a regular basis. Alcohol abuse is the leading cause of death among teens and young adults, and according to many professionals, the high rate of binge-drinking and its effects on college students and the school or university is the top social issue on campuses. Despite all the attention given to this issue, especially in the past few years, no noticeable improvement has been seen. Drinking has even been called a â€Å"college pastime;† however,†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, 23% of students report frequent binge drinking, characterized as engaging in binge drinking on three or more occasions during the past 2 weeks† (100). Many students also report that they often just drink â€Å"to get drunk.† According t o a recent USA Today article, the number of those who claim this reasoning for drinking excessively has climbed to nearly 50% as of 2001 (Marklein). Studies have proven that although almost half of all students attending are binge drinkers, more in depth research found that certain people are more likely to drink heavily than others. For example, a higher rate of binge drinking can be seen in White, male, and younger students on campus, while the rates for African American, Asian, female, and older students are somewhat lower (Wechsler, PhD and Kuo 1929). Also, most of the alcohol problems on campus often occur within sororities and fraternities, or in dorms that are made up of only freshman because this is where the highest concentrations of binge drinkers can be found (Weitzman 57). High rates of binge drinkers exist also among athletes and sports fans, and in residences with multiple roommates. It has been found that students with ties to jobs, volunteer work, a strong religious community, and family are associated with a decreased risk of heavy drinking (57). When examining a person’s tendency to drink in college, it isShow MoreRelatedBinge Drinking on Americas Campuses2308 Words   |  10 PagesBinge Drinking on America s Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. They typically party with friends at fraternity parties, bars, and clubs; and unfortunately most of these students are underage, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol or Binge Drinking. Binge drinking results in several detrimental outcomes, some are even fatal. Today this type of drinking is rampant on educational campuses everywhere. Large andRead More Binge Drinking On Americas Campuses Essay2203 Words   |  9 PagesBinge Drinking on Americas Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. They typically party with friends at fraternity parties, bars, and clubs; and unfortunately most of these students are underage, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol or Binge Drinking. Binge drinking results in several detrimental outcomes, some are even fatal. Today this type of drinking is rampant on educational campuses everywhere. Large andRead MoreThe Problem With College Drinking857 Words   |  4 PagesThe problem with college drinking is not necessarily the drinking itself, but the negative consequences that occur from excessive drinking. Alcohol abuse takes an enormous toll on the intellectual and social lives of male students on campuses across the country. Almost sixty percent report drinking alcohol every day. 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It is clear that for the problem of binge drinking in colleges to be resolved, it must all start byRead More Will lowering the drinking age solve the problem of binge drinking among college students?2643 Words   |  11 Pagesduring the football game, with our buddies, so on and so forth. Alcohol has been a part of human civilization for hundreds of thousands of years and is linked but not limited to, pleasure, and sociability in many people’s minds. Up until 1984 the legal age for people to drink was eighteen, that age was then raised up to twenty-one in order to reduce the death rate of many teenagers who were dying because of alcohol related problems. Today, many people believe that lowering the drinking age back down toRead MoreEssay on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse2432 Words   |  10 Pages Furthermore, it is widely acknowledged that drinking alcohol is a part of the youth culture in America; it may also be understood as a culturally conditioned and socially controlled behavior. In my generation drinking among underage kids is blamed on peers, accessibility, and adulthood. â€Å"Research shows that about 10 million Americans between ages 12 to 20 years had at least one drink last month† (April is Alcohol Awareness Month). Like all addictions, alcohol must first be experimented withRead MoreUnderage Drinking Among Adolescents : Becoming A Problem2554 Words   |  11 PagesUnderage drinking among adolescents is becoming a problem in the nation s youth. The legal drinking age was decided in 1984 for 21 years of age in every state (Wechsler and Nelson 986-992). Although there was a movement proposed to reduce the legal drinking age to 18 in 2008. The movement was proposed from college presidents and universities, which discussed their ideas of the drinking age. Later signing the Amethyst Initiative, leading encouraging debates back and forth trying to lower the legalRead MoreWhat Makes A College?905 Words   |  4 Pagesthousands of students, more th an half of them are about to embark on the most rewarding and fun, yet stressful four years of their life: college. Most of us dream about going to a big, fancy college from the time we learned what a college was, while the rest of us may have just started to get the ball rolling the beginning of our Senior Year. Regardless of how you chose to approach preparing for college, we all know that it is going to be one of the greatest times of our lives. As we grow up and mature

Piaget s Cognitive Theory And Cognitive Development

1) Examine how Piaget’s cognitive theory can help to explain the child’s behavior. Piaget confirms â€Å"Each cognitive stage represents a fundamentally new psychological reorganization resulting from maturation of new functions and abilities† (as in Greene, 2009, p.144). The case Vignette describes Victors’ stages of development through Piaget’s stages of cognitive development as exhibited behavior that occurred during the sensorimotor, preoperational, as established areas. Victor experienced a normal birth. His baby stage and growth period were also normal. However, Piaget states â€Å"Progression from one stage to the next is a function of both biological maturation and the child’s experience and action in the environment† (as in Greene, 2009, p.145). Victor may have also experienced some difficulty understanding if and when his father would return to the family. Piaget states â€Å"reversibility is the ability to follow a line of reasoning back to where it started† (as in Greene, 2009, p. 146). During the concrete operational stage Victor may not have been able to separate his longing for his father from realizing that he was being provided for. Although his parents tried to keep him out of the details of their financial struggles he struggled to fit in. Piaget states â€Å"Development proceeds from logical thought to logical thought, when applied to concrete problems, objects or events† (as in Greene, 2009, p.146). Once Victor was established in his current school, he shiftedShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1289 Words   |  6 Pagesare many great cognitive theorists, but the one that comes to mind is a development psychologist by the name of Jean Piaget. One of his prized declaration was in 1934, where he declared that education is capable of saving our society from collapsing whether its violent or gradual. Piaget had a key effect on education and psychology, and because of that effect he made many contributions to learning and to cognition. One of most im portant contribution was a model that was made by Piaget. This modelRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Development Theory1077 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Piaget (1957), cognitive development was a continuous restructuring of mental processes due to varied situations and experiencing the world and maturing biologically. His view of cognitive development would have us look inside a child’s head and glimpse the inborn process of change that thinking goes through. â€Å"He was mainly interested in the biological influences on â€Å"how we come to know’† (Huitt and Hummel, 2003). Piaget’s views helps us to have appropriate expectations about children’sRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1813 Words   |  8 Pages ECH-130 Sociocultural Tables LLlllll Cognitive Development Definition Examples of Application of Concept Strategies to Support and/or Assess Learning Birth to Age 5/Pre-K Piaget Sensorimotor stage: :the first stage Piaget uses to define cognitive development. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment. Researchers have discovered that infants have relatively well developed sensory abilities An infant who recently learned how to rollRead MorePiaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1449 Words   |  6 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses of Piaget’s theory on cognitive development. It will focus on Piaget’s work highlighting positive attributes and how they’re being applied in modern day and also delve on key limitations of the theory. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested on why children would give similar but wrong answers in an intelligence test (Vidal, 1994). Based on his observations, he concluded that children undergo sequential cognitive development patterns which occur in defined stagesRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development969 Words   |  4 Pa ges20th century, the development of psychology is constantly expanding. Erikson and Piaget are two of the ealier well known theorist, both being significant in the field. Their belief s are outlined in Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory and Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory. These theories, both similar and different, have a certain significance as the stages are outlined.Erikson and Piaget were similar in their careers and made huge progressions in child development and education. WithRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to both Piaget and Vygotskian theories in the sense that they describe how the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how the newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the effects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive development such as; internalisation;Read MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1790 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive developmental theories provide a framework for understanding about how children act and perceive the world. However, every theory has both strengths and weaknesses. A certain theory may explain one aspect of cognitive development very well, but poorly address or completely ignore other aspects that are just as important. Two well known theories of cognitive development are Piaget’s stage theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. As I plan to be a pediatric nurse, these two theories willRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1111 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget’s theory of cognitive development was based around his belief that children will develop their intelligence through a series of stages: Sensorimotor (birth – 2yrs), Preoperational (2-7yrs), Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) and Formal Operational (11+). He believed these stages to be invariant, the same stages taking place in a fixed order, and universal, the same for every child regardless of their background or culture. (McLeod, 2015) Piaget believedRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1325 Words   |  6 PagesJean Piaget developed a systematic study of cognitive development. He conducted a theory that all children are born with a basic mental structure. He felt that their mental structure is genetically inherited and their learning evolved from subsequent learning and knowledge. Piaget’s theory is different from other theories and he was the first to study a child’s learning by using a systematic study of cognitive development. His theory was only concerning the learning of children, their developmentRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1100 Words   |  5 Pages Piaget s theory of cognitive development, that he developed in 1936, explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world (McLeod). He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interac tion with the environment (McLeod). â€Å"What Piaget wanted to do was not to measure how well children could spell or solve problems, but was more interested in was the way in which concepts

My report in school free essay sample

While I was working on the first day, Again, I was at first little nervous on what will possibly the feedback of my boss and co-workers and if my communication skills was enough to convey the messages since I am not so much familiar with tourism but I managed to handle it and I am really proud about because I learned a lot from it. This is something unusual and I am very much proud of while I was doing because this will give me a full information on how to handle calls and other communication skills both oral and written form. They gave me an ample time for doing my work and ssignments as well as sending either via fax machine or emails. I got to learn also on how to get along well with my office mate and co-trainee. I met friends from other schools they are my co-trainees. We will write a custom essay sample on My report in school or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We are helping each other in doing our assignments so that we can finish our work fast. One of my assignments is getting the positive news happening in Iloilo City in the newspaper and cut them and put it on a portfolio. It is also my assignment in filing documents in the office. I should follow a consistent method for naming files and folders. Next is to store related documents together, whatever their type. It was a big help for me in filing documents because I now do this at home by arranging my books and other stuffs that are related together. My co-worker tour us in other office of City Tourism located in the Iloilo City Hall. It was my first time to go inside the City Hall. We also went to the Iloilo City Hall gallery which to see the city gallery exhibits. There you can also see a short glimpse of Iloilo Citys glorious past and rich cultural heritage. On the third day It is the day that the City Mayor announces that office hours should only be at 3 p. m. because of the coming typhoon. And I was sad that my office time would be shortened. In the morning I was assign to type letters to be given to different persons. After that I also help in printing of application for leave or vacation letters of the employees of the office. They also assigned me to go to the other office to let that person signed the papers. Some of the concepts that I learned in school is of great help to me Just like my omputer subject in where I learned on how to encode things in the Microsoft Office, which is the knowledge that I used in everyday assignments in the office. Something that I am proud of when I am in my OJT is my officemates treat me like I really belong on their workplace. I also gain my confidence in facing other people, when someone ask or inquire in the office I can face them with a smile and entertain them. It was really awesome that I can now deal with them properly because they let me express my thought as well as they do. Soon, my attitude will not be a problem nymore because I learned that being cooperative to someone who is superior or interior to you was no big deal . I learned that being a team player in the office, which will not only help you get more done, but with the cooperation of your co-workers, you will have help in planning and executing projects. OJT it is an important part of my education because with the OJT experience I tend to have a gasp of what is it in the real world or in the company even though I am an trainee I still can see the people who are working and can feel what they feel while working.

Marketing Plan for Oxfam Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Plan for Oxfam Australia. Answer: Introduction A business document which can be utilized by any of the business corporation for outlining the marketing tactics and the strategies can be termed as a marketing plan. The above mentioned concept is a broader term and involves a varied range significant approaches and models which are liable in impacting the business environment of the business organization. The document also describes the advertising and marketing efforts which are required to be implemented by the corporation for attaining the long term results. The marketing plan is not a static document like a business plan, it requires timely modifications and changes, as the business grows and also as per the changing trends of marketing (Anheier, 2014). A marketing plan is a detailed description of the activities which are involved in attaining some specific marketing objectives for a time being. It also aids in determining the current position of the business corporation in the market place, targets segmented, marketing mix us ed and also the marketing goals which are to be accomplished. The marketing plan is a formal document but can also be used as an informal one and this makes it very flexible. The main purpose of developing a marketing plan is to set the entity on a specific path in terms of marketing. This document has also been considered as general responsibility from the leaders and the marketing team to lead the entity towards a winning direction. The below executed analysis has been made focus on the marketing plan of Oxfam Australia is an Australian, autonomous, not-revenue driven, common, group based guide and advancement association, and a member of Oxfam International. The business entity believes that all human being and their lives are equal and no individual should live in poverty. Moreover the entity believes that they are on the grounds of empowering the society for tackling the issue of poverty. The below mentioned are the main components on which the marketing plan has been developed . Situational analysis Description of consumers and market The business corporation's target market offers focus to individuals who need help from various worldwide parts that basically depend on the beneficent association's division (Hollensen and Opresnik, 2015). Moreover, Oxfam Australia also concentrates on neediness, education family, and well-being. The association's demands get impacted by different determinants like world's financial conditions and different political events and happenings on the planet like infection flare-up and psychological warfare. In addition, it is likewise vital to stress on the different showcasing arrangements being used by Oxfam in advancing their backings over the world. In the 21st century, both profit and non-profit organizations confront various difficulties. The quick economy condition changes in global and national circle require these organizations to recreate and actualize new destinations, procedures to address the new difficulties. The objectives and systems are valuable for the organization to appreciate an upper-hand. As a non-profit corporation, Oxfam faces different difficulties and changes concerning atmosphere changes alongside its results, financial crises and famines, vitality confinement, worldwide monetary emergencies, weapons multiplication, common assets deficiencies, and urbanization. Market analysis: Pestle analysis For adoption of the above-discussed challenges, the business organization requires to determine the environment and the market factors along with the variable which are liable in impacting the objectives, business directions and tactics (Judd, 2013). These factors are segmented into two major categories .i.e. macro and micro environment which is as follows: Political: There are different political elements that impact OXFAM in assorted ways. Initially, Oxfam has a tendency to take after the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 as they have impaired people who work for the firm. The corporation does not look after who has been working for the firm as it is a charity. Furthermore, the firm ought to likewise withstand the Sex Discrimination Act as the firm is based on charity and they need to acknowledge each individual who needs to be a volunteer (Jungbok, 2015). The law additionally requires the firm to give money to any person who needs both female and male. Finally, the National Minimum Wage Law does not commit the workers who are volunteers to get paid. Economic: The primary factors that influence Oxfam financially are the compensation levels, energy price, and labor demand and supply. Pay levels impact Oxfam in both awful and great ways. It is because workforce within Oxfam are volunteers and the main staff as the manager gets paid for the work done by them. In this way, therefore, there is a need of saving money by keeping the wages as low as conceivable in order to spare the money for the people who are in poverty and suffering. Energy prices affect Oxfam negatively as the firm needs to pay for power and energy which is utilized by them; consequently, this implies that this will lessen their donations. Social: It has been observed that there are no factors which impose effects on the organization as it is totally dependent on charity and also there are no requirements of any kinds of hosting done by celebrities and sports events, as there is no need of advertising or promotion on such a big platform. The corporation can be promoted through T.V and also small scale advertisers can be approached for doing the same. Aging population ha has been considered as one of the factors which stimulate Oxfam and it has also been observed that population has various positive effects of the charitable organizations, as it has been experienced that the old age individuals are found kinder in giving of donations to the charities like Oxfam. Technological: Internet, T.V, and radio are considered as the technological components which are liable in stimulating the business organization (Kotler, 2012). The Internet is used as the platform for making advertisements of the charity events and all other events which are made by Oxfam. Moreover, the official website of the business entity is also made available for the donations, whoever is interested in making charity; they can make use of the online portal and make the transactions. The other products and the services are made available to the consumers through an internet. On the other hand radio and TV is used by the business organizations for promoting the products to the local audience Industry analysis Oxfam is a multinational confederation that includes 17 firms which are operating in 94 economies over the globe for finding solutions to poverty and injustice if any. The main objective of the firm is to aid the individuals in attaining their rights along with managing their lives. The business entity is directly associated with the communities and has been focusing in stimulating them (Lune, 2014). The business entity is focusing on increasing the standard of living of the poor individuals. Moreover, the business corporation is also recognized a significant part of the worldwide developmental organization which is assisting in mobilizing the power of individuals so as to minimize global poverty. The business entity is majorly engaged in equipping the individuals and needed ones with practical and innovative skills as well as resources. Competitors analysis: SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is one of the models which can be utilized by Oxfam for determining the strength and weakness of the organization. This approach proves beneficial in developing the business strategies and plans for tackling with the competitors and sustaining in the business environment. Moreover, this analysis also enables the firm in developing the future plans against the threats and grabbing the relevant and appropriate opportunities. The below presented is a detailed description of the strength, weakness, opportunities and the threats of Oxfam Australia: Strength: Global supporters are considered as one of the biggest strength of the business entity and also the affiliates networks. The goals and values of the business organization are clearly defined and which makes the entity more strong. The organization also has a long and successful program history. Weaknesses The business entity should try to focus more on the safety and security of the employees and the volunteers (Businesscasestudies 2017). Moreover, the corporation is lacking in sense of consistency and accountability throughout the partners and the firm. Competition from the other organizations can also be considered as one of the weakness for the business entity. Opportunities: The business is more into providing commitments to the customers, regarding the services and products. This develops a trust among the clients and the customers and which will increase the goodwill of the corporation. A commitment should be focused towards the missions and the goals of the business entity. Threats: The business entity has been facing problems due to the lack of support of the communities. As the business entity has been working on the charity basis, s there are very fewer employees and volunteers which are committed towards the work. Critical issues The business corporation has been facing some issues due to the failure of the product launch, for instance, the product launch was not as good as expected of the exact loktha paper produced by the mulberry paper. The business organization has been following infringement policy and also the cost structure is also not clear which has been developed as the serious concern for the entity. Oxfam has been facing serious issues from the Bhaktapur craft papers and mulberry papers. Availability of the labor is also one of the main concern for the entity (Beneke and Trappler, 2015). Marketing objectives and Strategies Critical issues Bad quality of products Intense competition due to the competitors like Bhaktapur craft papers Cost structure is unclear Excessive labor cost Untrained labors The below mentioned are the strategies and the plans which should be implemented by the organization in order to provide the solution to the above-presented issues: Improved and better methodologies can be utilized by Oxfam Australia so as to bring enhancements in the quality of the products (Ghiassi, Skinner Zimbra, 2013). This all can be done by adopting contemporary tools and technological mechanisms so ass to implement this strategy. Developing the products and quality and services will automatically enhance the value of the company which develops ways of sustaining in the competitive environment. Provision of proper training sessions for the labors and the workforce so as to develop their efficiency and potential. Adoption of better and improved techniques will enhance the productivity and efficiency of the labors and in-turn the company will be capable of retaining the employees and this will minimize labor cost. Products Oxfam has been referred as a charity brand name and is majorly involved in offering the services to the poor individuals in the economies. The business entity has launched a product by name the name of Ox-lokta paper and the same will be available in the market in the form of bundle or copies (Anheier, 2014). This paper is manufactured from the bark of the trees like evergreen shrubs etc. This paper is of fine quality and can be utilized for various printing and writing purposes and also for producing drawing sheets. The paper is eco-friendly and can is also not harmful to the environment. Marketing objectives Marketing goals and the objectives are the standards which are been prescribed by the management and marketing heads. These objectives are required to be accomplished by the marketing team that too with an effectiveness and efficiency (Berman, 2015). The below presented are the marketing objectives which are required to be attained by the marketing team of Oxfam Australia: The business entity needs to plan for adoption of the contemporary means and mediums of promotions and advertising so as to increase the brand awareness and which will also enhance the market share. To promote the products and services on global platforms so as to maximize the international charities through a partnership with various community associations. Marketing strategies Targeting: The targeting strategies of Oxfam have been developed on the basis of two major segmentation and which are behavioral and cultural segmentation. Behavioral segmentation: The item will be purchased by people who are profoundly proficient (Upson et al., 2012) Medium level use associations basically will utilize this item Cultural segmentation Religion is likewise essential. Essentially utilized by religious individuals in composing otherworldly considerations Targeting alludes to making a gathering or things an objective to be followed up on. At the point when a firm comprehends its objective market, correspondence ends up noticeably less demanding among the firm and the intended interest group. Oxfam magnanimous association target advertise incorporates the people living in poor conditions and requires help from each religion, districts, range, and so on around the globe (Yu, Wang and Brouthers, 2015). The association's objective market additionally focuses on people living bad form particularly young ladies and ladies. Positioning: Situating alludes to a marketing strategy that spotlights on making a brand involve the particular position about the competing brands and clients mind. The traits that get attributed by the customers incorporate its standing quality, the sort of individuals utilizing the items, the strength and weakness alongside any paramount or unordinary attributes represented, the cost and spoke to esteem Oxfam key situating depends on what the firm does, offer and what characterizes Oxfam. The firm fundamental target is to help the destitute individuals, and that treated with shameful acts (Pavlou and Stewart, 2015). The firm offers philanthropies to the needy individuals and helps the individuals who are dealt with unfairness to battle for their rights. Hence, Oxfam is a magnanimous association. Ansoff matrix The business model suggests four major marketing strategies which hinge on the new r the existing products and the services of the business organization. This approach also provides focus on the markets whether it is new or an existing one. All the four strategies are having differing levels of risks and are explained below for Oxfam Australia: Market penetration According to this strategy, the Oxfam will be involved in expanding the market share inside existing business sector portions (Oxfam 2017). This can be accomplished by offering more products and services to the well-established clients or by finding new clients inside existing markets. In this strategy, the business entity will have to adopt a low pricing strategy so as to develop the market share in a new region. Product development In this concept, Oxfam will be making modifications and development of existing products and introduction of new products for existing markets. Product development includes thinking or developing an idea about the requirements of the customers and how they can be addressed so as to provide customer satisfaction. Market development This strategy will require the business entity to adapt better and improved mechanisms for finding new markets and regions for existing products. Marketing segmentation and further segmentation of business sectors distinguish new gatherings of clients. DiversificationThis strategy will be aiding the business entity by moving new products into new markets and regions (Jennifer, Isely Fidel, 2009). It has been considered as one of the most hazardous methodologies. The more the business entity will move far from what it has done in the past the more vulnerability are made. Nonetheless, if existing exercises are undermined, broadening spreads chance. Marketing mix Decisions and Actions Product: Oxfam has been introduced as a charity brand name and is significantly associated with offering the administrations to the poor people in the economies. The business corporation has introduced a new product by name of Ox-lokta paper and a similar will be available in the market as package or copies. This paper is produced from the bark of the trees like evergreen bushes and so on. This paper is of fine quality and can be used for different printing and composing purposes and furthermore to produce drawing sheets. The paper is eco-accommodating and can is likewise not destructive for the earth. Price: Price is the value for the products and the services offered by the corporation and also the success and failure of the product depends on the same (Smith, 2014). The prices of the products in Oxfam Australia differ on the basis of the materials used in manufacturing. For instance, a minimum price of the paper is 5 Australian dollars and a maximum is 25 Australian dollars. Market penetration strategy is the initial strategy adopted by the firm. Place: The major focus of the entity is diversifying the business all over Australia and various strategies are being utilized for attaining this objective (Kaufmann, 2012). Distribution channels like wholesalers, retailers, and outlets are utilized by the corporation to spread its item. The association has additionally reached schools and universities to appropriate its services and products. Promotion: The business entity has been making use of the internet as a major medium of promotion and additionally radio and T.V has been used by the entity for advertising the products and the services (Reich, 2017). Moreover, for making the availability of the products in international markets, contemporary mediums should be adopted. People: The business entity has a limited availability of labor and workforce which are engaged in the processes and operations. Process: The organization is involved in providing services to the poor individuals through the various affiliates spread all over the region. The services are offered on the basis of the issues faced by the individual. Physical evidence: The online portal and the websites are the online means of executing business and it aids in providing relevant information about the firm. Action plan Marketing program Expected outcomes Implementation period Advertisement and promotion through media This will develop awareness through successful media advertisements (Hollensen, 2015) Work In Progress Social media events This will develop and enhance the partnerships and also brand awareness will also be created. Work In Progress Conclusion In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has been inferred that the Oxfam has been planning to expand the business which is a non-profit organization and hence the marketing plan for the same has been developed. The marketing plan comprises of various strategies and approaches which are required to be adopted by the business entity in order to attain the desired objectives. This marketing plan will also be aiding in determining the current position of the business entity in the market place. Recommendations Oxfam Australia should make use of effective marketing and promotional strategies in order to create awareness for the services and products in new and global regions. As the organization is facing issues in cost structure, so the entity should develop a clear, better and improved cost structure. Training sessions should be offered to the existing workforce so as to enhance their skills and capabilities. Reflective statement From the above carried out analysis, it has been concluded that the Oxfam has been planning for expansion and hence the above-mentioned marketing plan has been designed and developed. The marketing plan has been segmented in various stages which are described respectively. The first is Part A, which consists of the analysis of the market which is sub-divided into consumers segments, the likes, and perception of the consumers, the purchasing patterns and the trends in the market. The next part includes analysis over the three main factors which are significant for the marketing plan and .i.e. the industry, competitors and company analysis. For describing these factors use of the approaches such as Pest and SWOT has been adopted by the entity. And at last of this part, the critical issues faced by the organization have been discussed. The below mentioned are some of the issues which are presented in the marketing plan are considered as significant one: Bad quality of products Intense competition due to the competitors like Bhaktapur craft papers Cost structure is unclear Excessive labor cost Untrained labor The next is Part B, which comprises of the marketing strategies and the objectives which are essentially required to be attained by the business corporation. This part is subdivided into several parts respectively. First, the critical issues are linked with the strategies and then the recommendations over the same are presented. The further analysis consists of the description of the products offered by the entity, the marketing objectives which are pre-determined are required significantly attained. Next, the marketing strategies are mentioned which includes targeting strategy through which the business entity will be attaining the consumers and further the positioning strategy has been described through which the firm will establish the products and services in markets and new regions. The next is the Ansoff matrix which has been described for the marketing strategies which can be adopted by the organization while entering new markets. The further report comprises of marketing mixe s which include the 7 Ps. This approach will enable the business entity to develop the product and establish the market for the same in the new regions and all over Australia. And at last, an action plan has been developed for overcoming the issues and the difficulties which are being faced by the business organization References Anheier, H.K., 2014.Nonprofit organizations: Theory, management, policy. Routledge. Judd, V.C., 2013. in a Nonprofit Organization: Using the 5th PPeople.Marketing Communications for Local Nonprofit Organizations: Targets and Tools, p.5. Jungbok, H., 2015. Marketing Strategies for Nonprofit Organizations.Advances in Management,8(10), p.1. Kotler, P., 2012.Kotler on marketing.Simon and Schuster. Lune, H., 2014. Book Review: Charity Case: How the Nonprofit Community Can Stand Up for Itself and Really Change the World, by D. Pallotta.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,43(2), pp.416-419. Businesscasestudies, 2017, Achieving growth through product development, Assessed on 22nd August 2017, https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/portakabin/achieving-growth-through-product-development/ansoffs-matrix.html. Tirunillai, S. and Tellis, G.J. 2014, "Mining marketing meaning from online chatter: strategic brand analysis of big data using latent Dirichlet allocation",Journal of Marketing Research,vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 463. Beneke, J. and Trappler, E. 2015, "The might of the brand: A comparative analysis of brand prevalence in an emerging market setting",British Food Journal,vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 485-505. Ghiassi, M., Skinner, J. Zimbra, D. 2013, "Twitter brand sentiment analysis: A hybrid system using n-gram analysis and dynamic artificial neural network",Expert Systems with Applications,vol. 40, no. 16, pp. 6266-6282. Anheier, H.K., 2014.Nonprofit organizations: Theory, management, policy. Routledge. Berman, E., 2015.Performance and productivity in public and nonprofit organizations. Routledge. Upson, J.W., Ketchen, D.J., Connelly, B.L. and Ranft, A.L., 2012. Competitor analysis and foothold moves.Academy of Management Journal,55(1), pp.93-110. Yu, C.L., Wang, F. and Brouthers, K.D., 2015. Competitor identification, perceived environmental uncertainty, and firm performance.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration. Pavlou, P.A. and Stewart, D.W., 2015. Interactive Advertising: A New Conceptual Framework Towards Integrating Elements of the Marketing Mix. InNew Meanings for Marketing in a New Millennium(pp. 218-222). Springer International Publishing. Jennifer, A., Isely, E., Fidel, A, 2009. Developing a Marketing Strategy for Nonprofit Kaufmann, H, 2012.Customer-Centric Marketing Strategies: Tools for Building Organizational Mcleish, B, 2010.Successful Marketing Strategies for Nonprofit Organizations: Winning in the Cameron, B, 2014. Using responsive evaluation in Strategic Management.Strategic Leadership Johnston, J, Zawawi, C. 2009, Public Relations Theory and Practice, 3rd edn, Allen and Unwin, Australia. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Reich, M., 2017.Racial inequality: A political-economic analysis. Princeton University Press. Smith, C.A. ed., 2014.Regional analysis: Economic systems(Vol. 1). Academic Press. Hollensen, S. and Opresnik, M.O., 2015. 3.2 Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. InMarketing(pp. 183-208).Verlag Franz Vahlen GmbH. Oxfam, 2017, Oxfam Australia, Assessed on 22nd August 2017, https://www.oxfam.org.au/what-we-do/about-us/.

20 Essay Topics on Crime Prevention Based on Social Science

20 Essay Topics on Crime Prevention Based on Social Science Social science is the scientific study of human society and relationships among the individuals that make up a society. In the context of crime prevention, social science studies attempts to study what pushes criminal activities and how the society we live in can be structured to prevent crimes by eliminating the triggers that leads to criminal intent or reactions. This is indeed possible and has facts backing the importance of social science in preventing crimes. This subject matter can be quite difficult to write about if one does not have good research skills or the patience to learn.   Therefore, an assignment on this could be difficult but we are here to show that this should not be so. In this article- which is a follow up on the 10 facts on social science and crime prevention - 20 social science essay topics will be provided for your choosing pleasure. One of these topics will also be written on to provide you with some direction on how to go about writing on the topic you choose. So below are the 20 topics you can choose from to kick-start your own project. 20 Social Science Topics on Preventing Crime: The Importance of Stable Family Structures in Preventing Crime Reducing Teenage Delinquency Rates and Crime in Today’s Society The Fallacy of Incarceration as an Effective Crime Prevention Technique Integrating Risk Prevention Techniques to Combat Adolescent Criminal Behavior Identifying and Understanding the Key Risk Factors Prevalent in Human Beings Parental Education and its Effects on Reducing Criminal Activities Women Education and Its Role in Crime Prevention Early Child Education and Its Role in Reducing Adolescent Crime How Integrating Civil Laws in Society Prevents Crime Crime Prevention and the Role of Structural Growth The Effects of Local Watches in Preventing Crime Encouraging Social Awareness to Reduce Criminal Activities Mental Health and Its Correlation with Criminal Activity Managing Societys Mental Health Problems Key to Reducing Violent Crimes Tackling Unemployment an Effective Tool to Preventing Crime Creating Economic Opportunities, Preventing Criminal Activities The Implementation of Intervention Techniques in Preventing Criminal Activity Pursuing Equality Reforms as a Crime Prevention Technique Perusing Societys Role in Preventing Criminal Activities The Science of Youth Violence Prevention: Progressing from Developmental Epidemiology to Efficacy Sample Essay: The Importance of Stable Family Structures in Preventing Crime The 17th century saying that the family is the building block of society still rings true to date and consequently, the foundation of every Nation both developed and underdeveloped rests squarely on the strength of its families. Therefore, there is much to learn from the stability of family structures and the effect they have in preventing crimes. My essay is written to provide information on what is known and how stable families prevent criminal activities. The role of the family in the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency has been studied for decades by social scientists and the office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). These studies culminated in findings that showed the effects of both a good family structure and a non-existent structure drives delinquent behavior and criminal activities. The home is the first school for children and it serves as a classroom where manners, etiquettes, society’s rules and behavioral patterns are ingrained in a child. Therefore, children end up becoming by-products of the home they grew up in. Studies from the OJJDP has shown that kids who have been exposed to negative influences in childhood tend to act out these influence in their later years which makes it imperative to create an enabling environment that allows each family fulfill its potential. The study went further to state that kids from at risk homes- unstable families, single parent homes, drug abusers etc.- are three times more likely to be involved in criminal behavior later in life. These negative behaviors which affect governance in the long run can be forestalled by creating conducive familial environment which means the government has a role to play in propagating stable family units. The first step to be taking is creating employment opportunities for adults who intend to create families. This productivity helps both the government and family unit by developing productive citizens and family heads with the finances needed to cater to family needs. Educating parents is also a technique that can be used in building stable family units. It is important to start the educative process from the postnatal period right down to the first two years after childbirth. A study conducted by the Nurse-Family Partnership Program showed that expecting families who took part in such programs were less likely to be involved with any forms of child abuse when compared to others who did not. While on the children’s side, a stable family unit where parental supervision and involvement help kids grow-up to become functioning members of society. This is because parents notice negative factors and influences in their kids’ life and take the necessary steps to check those behavioral patterns before they spiral out of control. Getting parenting and the family unit right is definitely the first step to preventing crimes and grooming responsible citizens in a society. Achieving this requires the education of parents and creating an environment where parents can raise their kids to be responsible and understand that they are accountable for their actions. Here we come to the end of the second article providing you with essay topics on crime prevention. To learn more about writing and reviewing literature on crime prevention, check out this follow-up article on how to write a perfect article review on social science and crime prevention. References: Brandon, W. (2012). The Future of Crime Prevention: Developmental and Situational Strategies. crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/david_farrington/nijprev.pdf Jeffery, R. (1977).Crime Prevention through Environmental Design 50, 60. Farrington, D. Sherman, W. (2001). Costs and Benefits of Preventing Crime. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Wilson, D., Gottfredson, C., Najaka, S. (2001). School-based Prevention of Problem Behaviours: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, 247-272. Canepple, S. (2008). Organized Crime, Corruption and Crime Prevention. Fisher, B. (2010). Encyclopaedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention. Henze, S. (2006). Crime science: New Approaches to Preventing and Detecting Crime.

In Baltimore Essays

In Baltimore Essays In Baltimore Essay In Baltimore Essay Question: 1. How does Southwest Airlines compete? What are its advantages relative to other airlines? 2. The plane turnaround process requires coordination among twelve functional groups at SWA to service, in a brief period of time, an incoming plane and match it up with its new passengers and baggage for a prompt departure. Please evaluate the plane turnaround process at Baltimore resource utilization, capacity, bottlenecks, information flows, etc. How is the process working? 3. Why is the opearational performance at Baltimore eroding? What issues do you identify that require action? . What would you recommend Matt Hafner do? Answer please see attachment: 1 The competitive advantages of Southwest Airlines are as follow: A. Unique operation system Unlike its industrial rivals who used the â€Å"hub and spoke† system, Southwest Airlines established its own point-to-point system instead. Even though economic theories tell Southwest’s system should be unworkable – the shorter the flight is, the higher the setup cost per seat mile, thanks to the well-known quick and efficient turnaround process, Southwest succeeded in creating a miracle. The point-to-point system not only enables Southwest to lower its costs and make frequent flights, but also to capture a niche market and compete with other transportation like trains and buses. This is because Southwest is able to provide passengers with short-hauling flights which can be substitutes to trains and buses. Consequently, it earns a considerable profit from the expanded market size. B. Low costs Southwest is operating at a lower cost when comparing with its competitors. It minimizes its cost in four main ways: . The quick turnaround process: Southwest focuses on turning aircraft around quickly at the gate to minimize an airplane’s time on the ground. They do so by the relational coordination of their operation agents, which would be further discussed in Q2. 2. The use of a single aircraft type: Southwest uses only Boeing 737 and standardizes the cockpit configuration. These minimize additional training requirements for pilots and routinize ramp operations, which helps to save training costs and speed turnarounds at the ate. 3. The use of less-congested airports: Southwest uses such airports to avoid disrupting flight operations in those busy and high-traffic airports. 4. Cheap oil price: Southwest constantly monitors fuel prices at different airports and load fuels from places with attractive price. 5. Other practices like offering beverages and snacks instead of in-flight meals, transferring no baggage to other airlines, and open and single class seating can also help lower the operating costs. C. A productive and loyal workforce Southwest places great emphasis on hiring team players willing to go beyond their primary responsibilities. They invest substantial amounts of time selecting employees for attitude, teamwork, and service orientation, resulting in a strong corporate culture of valuing excellent customer service. Meanwhile, Southwest also strives to build a loyal workforce. It treats its employees as family members and creates an enjoyable working environment. Employees’ opinions and suggestions are listened to and respected. 2. The plane turnaround process at Baltimore is quick and efficient due to (1) Process simplification and (2) Relational coordination powered by its operation agents. The process is said to be simplified relative to other airline companies because Southwest Airlines provides no-frill services – no in-flight meals and no transfer of baggage to other airlines. These lead to time reduction in the restock of provisions, cleaning of cabin area and handling of baggage. Moreover, Southwest also adopts the open seating system to encourage early gate arrival. The two practices thus speed up the turnaround process. In addition, Southwest has increased its staffing of operations agents to a higher level than the industrial average, allowing the operations agent to play a greater role than only managing the flow of information across functional boundaries. Each individual flight is assigned to a dedicated on-site operations agent, who engages in face-to-face contact with each functional team. In so doing, the operations agents are actually engaged in relationship building, developing relationships of shared goals, shared knowledge, and mutual respect among fellow employees to facilitate the oordination of work. This relational coordination results in greater staffing productivity. As noted in the text, the whole process took 20 minutes for flight 110 but it already took 17 minutes to deplane and board passengers, which is considered as the major bottleneck. Yet, the Baltimore Airport would find it difficult to further speed up the process since it is not considered as good customer service to hur ry passengers, especially for the Southwest culture. However, what worth noticing is the overall service level. According to the case, the scheduled turnaround times had lengthened over the past eight years and misplacement of baggage could happen during a quick turnaround. These implicitly reflect that the low staffing level in Baltimore could not catch up with its current service expansion and limited its capability to shorten turnaround time. Therefore, we would attribute the major bottleneck to the size and average tenure of its workforce. 3 The reasons for Baltimore’s deteriorating operational performance are as follow: a. Limited facility: The gates in Baltimore were reaching capacity limits and its bag sorting area had already reached its full capacity. While the former implies longer boarding time, the latter leads to longer bag handling time, with both slowing down the whole turnaround process. b. Labour shortage: Efficient turnaround process relies heavily on its employees. The tight labour market, however, forced Baltimore to have a serious labour shortage at least in short term and lead to many mandatory over-times. As a result, it led to declining productivity and slowed down the turnaround process. Moreover, the experience of employees is also crucial. With high labour turnover rate and frequent hiring, Baltimore was having a comparably inexperienced workforce. This would affect the operational performance. c. Uncontrollable passenger connections: Southwest’s connecting flights were unevenly distributed and Baltimore was one of the stations that had the greatest amount of connecting flights. The numerous connecting flights made operations become more complicated and satisfying all customers become even more difficult. As a result, flights were frequently held up for connecting passengers. Two issues should deserve much attention. They include: a. Unsatisfactory customer services: Mishandled bags and passenger complaints in Baltimore were higher than the system-wide average and its number of passenger complaints was even the highest among all stations. Limited facilities and frequent flight holdings brought inconvenience and dissatisfaction to passengers. All these were definitely undesirable especially for Southwest which built its success on passenger’s trust. These problems should be tackled as soon as possible so as to re-gain passenger’s confidence and loyalty. b. Prolonged working hours: Labour is always the most valuable asset. The lower the productivity is, the longer time the whole turnaround process takes. Prolonged working hours adversely affected the morale of employees. It ended up not only worsening operational performance but also causing discontent among workers. If the problem remained unsolved, the operational performance would further deteriorate. 4. On seeing the service deterioration at Baltimore, Matt Hafner is actually making a trade-off decision between its service expansion and service quality. There are two alternatives: 1. As Baltimore is served as a mega-station in the East Coast, rapid expansion of flights is desired to capture strong demands. Matt should exert its bargaining power to urge for facility expansion of the Baltimore Airport to cater for future expansion needs and relieve the pressures for gates and bag sorting areas. Moreover, he should shorten the hiring process or lower the hiring requirements to recruit more staff to support the addition of flights. 2. Since the staffing level at Baltimore does not support its expected service level, Matt should slow its expansion pace down so as to maintain a high service quality and hence, protect Southwest Airlines from damaging its own reputation. However, it is advised that the first option could pose these substantial risks: A. Since it requires persistent over-time on its staff, the staff morale would definitely be affected, leading to a high staff turnover rate and also deteriorated service. B. Southwest has long been surviving without laying off any of its staff. Nevertheless, given the shorten hiring process, they may fail to screen out all undesired candidates. As a result, service quality would suffer. C. The rapid expansion also poses itself to high uncertainty. For example, the 911 incident, which happened just three months afterwards, could obviously tumble the flight demands. Therefore, any large-scale investment could adversely affect quarter earnings. Therefore, it is recommended that Matt should choose the second option – striving for a stable but progressive growth. By saying so, he could suggest lengthening the connecting time for the reservation system so that it relieves the staff pressure to rush for a quick turnaround and at the same time reduces the frequency of holding flights. In return, a higher service quality could be guaranteed. Meanwhile, it is also high time to promote its services through marketing efforts and public relations to re-build public confidence towards the Southwest Airlines.

Financing needs of Cyrus Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financing needs of Cyrus Brown - Essay Example C. Consequently, Cyrus Brown Manufacturing will not need any minimum or maximum line of credit since the future prospects are positive. The only reason why external financing or line of credit might be needed is extraordinary events that might result in cash outflow. D. The first conclusion that can be made on the nature of the company is the seasonality of the products sold by the company, since one can see a rise in sales with the culmination in September alongside with the downfall in October and November. Another issue that should be considered when analyzing the financial situation of the company is the lump-sump payments made in June and September. While the ending monthly cash balance changes independent of the amount of sales, when considering the payments made in June and September, the increase in ending cash balance would be gradual and logical. Thus, when keeping in mind these two major issues, there is no reason to doubt financial situation of Cyrus Brown Manufacturing. E. It would be profitable for a bank to have Cyrus Brown Manufacturing as a client.

Employee rewards and performance management Essay

Employee rewards and performance management - Essay Example mportant for leaders of a particular team within an organization to should focus on individual performance and thus cumulatively the entire group will post very good returns. The team leader should focus on improving the output of each and every member. As such, it is important to bring on board individuals who are performers. This is normally done when workers are being recruited for various posts. According to the material, the team leader should focus not only on the positive issues that affect the group, but also should put measures that solve negative issue that impact the group. As such, the group should recognize each and every effort put by the team members regardless of the results that it yielded. The correct model of rewarding should ensure that appraisals are used to meet the intended purpose. The approached used in the system includes steps such as Measurement, Feedback, Positive Reinforcement, Exchange of Views and Agreement. After carefully analyzing the materials, I have come to realize that constructing a well thought-out technique to designing the performance appraisal is key to ensuring that the entire group works harmoniously to achieve the intended goals. The team should carry out regular assessment on the appraisal model to make sure that it serves the intended purpose of encouraging good results. The course has enabled me to gain a better insight on leadership. As such, I have been able to develop leadership skills that include effective collaborative practice and confidentiality that are essential when managing a team. The module has changed my perspectives on various issues that surround the reward system and leadership and management in

Film Analyzing Instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Analyzing Instructions - Essay Example The paper "Film Analyzing Instructions" shows film analyzing instructions. According to Jaikisham, a proper film critic must know how to elucidate why a film work or doesn’t work by looking beyond the noticeable rudiments added to sell a film to the spectators. In allowing viewers to experience the story on various levels you’ve got to analyze the specific details. Seize your note book, skull to the theater, and get ready to enter the world of film critic. Study some of these professional tips on how to analyze a film and determine the fine nuances which a lot of people miss out. This is because a glass maybe half empty or half full. Therefore it is all a substance of perception. Luckily or unluckily an excellent moviemaker does not habitually share the perspective of the audience. Hence, it is vital that one value is the importance of another’s view point. Additionally, if you are watching any film with your family or friends, it is essential that you take note of the things which an untailored film typically does and this forms origin for all your opinions about a film in the end. There is copiousness of things about a film which can be dissected to get the preeminent picture on what a film is all about. Cinema can be interpreted in many different ways and each of them is correct. The following tips are essentially important in analyzing movies. This is very important as this shows how relevant a film is for the recent time. Is it just for entertainment or is it momentous cinema?

Project Management Of IT Projects

Project Management Of IT Projects Although computer systems have been employed since the 1970s in significant applications military, civil, government, finance, business and so on, unlike any other engineering discipline the success rate of ICT projects remains unacceptably low. Describe and discuss why ICT projects fail and what measures can be taken to improve the chance of success. ICT Project is the development and forward of an ICT system where as an ICT system is a combination of computer hardware, software, input and output, activity data or information and the personal that have to use it. ICT Projects can bring changes and improve organizational activities. Business and processes can become more effective and efficient by the use of information and communication technology (ICT) systems as in case with engineering discipline but unfortunately successful applicants in other field like military, civil, government is still questionable even they are employed there since very long. Performance evaluation of the project can also direct the determination of victory or malfunction of an ICT project. Also such evaluations cannot be justified as good or bad without the successful execution of such project. The core value of any of the ICT projects can be accomplished to figure out its capability to support the organization in finding right result to its troubles. The adaptability of ICT system and its overheads can only be logical if there are benefits accruing to it. Few of the benefits can be listed as below: Escalating capacity of system Efficient access to data Improved efficiency and outputs Transparency Simplicity Lessening of Cost Quality Service Enhanced and effective decision making FAILURE OF ICT PROJECTS: Regardless of the successful stories of ICT projects around the world, studies have proved high speed of ICT Project failure. These failure can be either project stakeholder expectations or correspondence failure where the project failed to meet the specified objectives such as enhancing efficiency, upgrading in resource utilization, superior output etc. It can be process failure which refers to plan overruns, resources blowouts and it may be interaction failure where new system may be or was used shortly and then terminate or occasionally used or not used at all. Although benefits of ICT cannot be disputed but there are several issues and points about its achievements as well as the approach in its implementation. Triumph of any project can be evaluated or measured on different factors but success of information and communication technology (ICT) project depends upon timely completion within budget, trustworthiness (bug-free), user friendliness, easy inexpensive alteration and maint enance in addition that it must meet specifications, goals and satisfaction of users. In order to understand the extent of ICT failure, we need to categorized failures related to information systems which can be technical breakdown, project collapse, organizational crash, environmental breakdown, developmental stoppage and user disappointment ICT failure can be categorized depending upon the degree of its achievement or usage. It can be total failure where initially the ICT was never implemented or in which a new system was put into action but immediately discarded. It can be considered as partial failure as major goals are unattained or in which there are major unwanted results. There is another class of sustainability failure where an initial implementation was first succeeded but is then neglected after a year or so. REASONS FOR FAILURE OF ICT PROJECTS: The failure factors which prevent smooth execution of ICT projects can either be Infrastructure, finance, poor data system, lack of compatibility, skilled personnel, leadership styles, culture, bureaucracy and attitudes There are certain factors which may not prevent the execution or implementation of projects and can the hinder system advancement and its sustainability. Among them are User needs, Technology, Coordination, ICT policy, and Donor pressure. There can be a number of reasons, which require a detailed and careful review to fully identify. ICT projects are often too ambitious and too complex because of the combination of the political, organizational and technical factors lacking top management prop up, insufficient resources of project, lack of user input, poor project management, design problems, scarce training, unsuitable technologies, and many more including incomplete requirements, changing requirements, technology Incompetence, unrealistic expectation. Therefore Projects run into problems, they get far more expensive than budgeted, need more time than planned or do not deliver the intended results. Unfortunately, project failures can also be related to lack of post-mortem probes across all sectors (private and public). Organizations are neither interested to achieve organizational erudition for themselves nor are they allocate their difficult experiences with others. Vision without substance and a budget without vision are two sorts of planning. Problems encountered encase of vision without substance are ambiguity of future vision, lack of organizational vision, current position and time. Budget without vision arises questions as to what problem is being solved, priorities and definition of the roles and responsibilities. Poor Project planning in organizations are due to lack of risk management, business systems are not utilized and understood completely and also lack of concern involvement from management. MEASURES FOR THE SUCCESS OF ICT PROJECT: Success or failure of any ICT project can be measured by identifying institution where we they are now and where the new project is taking them. Success factors are those whose presence or absence establish the success of an ICT project. They can be drivers or enabler. Some of these are vision and strategy, stakeholders support, external pressure and cooperation, consumer expectations, technological alteration, upgrading, and globalization in addition to efficient project coordination and good practices. Degree of change is proportionally related to risk of project success. Bigger change might produces bigger organizational improvement at the cost of big risk of project disaster whereas small change might promise less degree of change at the price of less project risk. Thus we can say that there is a trade-off between threat and transformation. ICT projects can be designed according to models of engineering and managerial concepts. Drafting of complex technical systems in much more perplex social surroundings through development of local knowledge base systems can lead to avoid failures. Review by local sections and organizations to determine the extent of ICT failures can also be very useful and productive approach. These experts can make conclusive and detailed analysis and they can point out flaws and make recommendation for the improvement of ICT projects. Reports and lesson learnt should be available to other practitioners in other organizations for betterment of their projects. Division of the project in smaller groups and controlling subsidiary projects is better approach as changes during the project are sometimes or often unavoidable and difficult to manage. Information systems qualities which are achieved via efficient ICT projects affect the perceived benefits. An ICT project implementation can be considered successful if the perceived benefits are determined and understood. ICT services quality can be reviewed after vigilant assessment of the infrastructure to establish technical functionality. For instance with reference to networking different departments, the point to check is whether it may be has been achieved successfully or not. This in turn will involve a technical and user assessment of the efficient communication systems. Generation of information can be assessed to determine efficiency of Information system quality for budgeting purposes, the question might be whether the information system can generate exact and timely financial information and data or not. Perceived benefits are the end products that can be used to judge the success of the whole system. If the perceived benefits like easier communication, networking, and system integration, timely, relevant, complete and useful information are not realized, then the system will be perceived to have failed. Attributes of each component are shown for clarity and focus. A familiar maxim says, if you cannot plan it, you do not do it. Another maxim says, I never planned to fail, I just failed to plan. Project planning begins as soon as project planning activities determine the organizations strategy and identifies the ICT projects. Under the few limitations, project plans evolve with the lifecycle. These limitations are time and money so each project should have a define deadline and a tight budget. Planning as a tool can be helpful in minimizing waste by classifying the pre-requites conditions for successful ICT implementation rather than rushing into a complex strategy. ICT needs careful planning, communication and coordination prior to implementation instead wise trial and error methods. Clarify goals, targets and objectives shall be established. These goals may form major role in planning process and ultimately help in the successful implementation of ICT projects. ANALYSIS Improvement in the ability of those involved in the design, execution and management of IT related projects shall be enhanced to solve and tackle specific contextual attributes of the institute, division, country or location where such ICT projects will be implemented. Strategy and support are the core areas which lead to success of any ICT project and at the same time finance and lack of fund in addition to weak infrastructure leads to failure of such projects. Maximum benefits and output of ICT implementation can be achieved if there are no failure factors but its not possible but framework can be developed for the maximum output. This framework must cover and identify themes, prioritize activities develop program of action, categorize target groups and in the final stage implement solutions ICT projects must be streamlined and established while focusing following approaches. Never underestimate complex environment where ICT program evolves. Get maximum output and benefits for the target group Staff shall be re-skilled to cop up with changes Identification and utilization of new technologies How institute processes will fit in technology Strong and supportive program management Dont underestimate the total cost of ICT project. Part B COMP1592 Organisation and Project Management Tutorial for Week 1.5 Introduction to ICT Project Management Upload your answers in Week 1.6 List the problems you experienced when you carried out a recent assignment. Try to put these problems into some order of magnitude. For each problem consider whether there was some way in which the problem could have been reduced by better organisation and planning by you. Risk management Team management Team collaboration Schedule Project plan was impractical Identify the main types of personnel employed in an ICT department. For each stage of a typical ICT development project, list the types of personnel who are likely to be involved. Business Analyst (who gathers requirements from client) System Analyst (based on the requirements, design the software) Solution Architect (application is designed on the basis of technical specification) Software Developers (who develops the software) Database developers (design and maintaining of DB) Quality Team (who tests the developed software) Configuration manager A public library is considering the implementation of a computer-based system to help administer book loans at libraries. Identify the stakeholders in such a project. What might be the objectives of such a project and how might the success of the project be measured in practical terms? Stakeholders Following are the stakeholders for computer based library system: Librarian Library Staff Administrator/ Technical Board Book Suppliers/ Volunteers Partner Universities Friends of the Library (Providing funds and assistance to Library) Educators/ Trainers (train the usage of the system) Software House or company developing the computer based system Library Users (those who lend the books) Objectives Cataloguing (classification and indexing books) Compilation of books and the stuff Control of books circulation Track users Efficiently confirm the availability of books Automate the library loan system and make it computer based System will be fully authenticated as it will be solely based on computer Issue and return dates will be catered by the system which will ensure that no preference is given to any public user in case of late return. Automation and authentication will be achieved. Record of all the books will be managed and kept up to date Success of the project: Success of the project will be measured on the following parameters: Productive system usage System efficiency Gradual rise in users will predict the success Ease and comfort for public Reduction of staff Confidence of stakeholders on the system Authentication and automation is an important factor Authentication i.e. more authenticated the system is more will be its progress 4. A software house has developed a customised order processing system for a client. You are an employee of the software house that has been asked to organize a training course for the end-users of the system. At present, a user handbook has been produced, but no specific training material. A plan is now needed for the project which will set up the delivery of the training courses. The project can be assumed to have been completed when the first training course starts. Among the things that will need to be considered are the following: Training materials will need to be designed and created; A timetable will need to be drafted and agreed; Date(s) for the course will need to be arranged; The people attending the course will need to be identified and notified; Rooms and computer facilities for the course will need to be provided for. A. Identify the main stakeholders for this project; Software House Software developers Trainers End users/ Client Customers of client (must not be an end user) B. Draw up a statement of the objectives for this project; Evaluation, planning and business handling in an efficient manner. Identify and develop connections between sales, planning and purchasing (by using tools such as flow charts and activity diagrams) Create business to business environment by creating link with customers. Encourage staff input to identify problems and solutions. Handling customers feedback. C. for the objectives, identify the measures of effectiveness; Evaluation, planning and business handling: efficient report generation and boost the business. Identify and develop connections between sales, planning and purchasing: by comparison with previous records Create business to business environment by creating link with customers: gradual rise of customers Encourage staff input to identify problems and solutions: system improvement and staff satisfaction. Handling customers feedback: customers satisfaction D. For each objective, identify relevant sub-objectives or goals and who would be responsible for each of them Evaluation, planning and business handling: company management is the goal and sales team is responsible. Identify and develop connections between sales, planning and purchasing: sales team is responsible Create business to business environment by creating link with customers: sales team is responsible. Encourage staff input to identify problems and solutions: Human Resource department is responsible. Handling customers feedback: Quality assurance department is responsible. Organisation and Project Management Tutorial for Week 1.6 Introduction to Database Design Upload your answers in Week 1.7 A company providing photo storage on the web needs a database to support the website. Visitors to the site can register by providing personal details including their email address, username and password. Once registered the user can create photograph albums into which they can upload their photographs (stored as files on the company server) along with a suitable caption and description. Users can add as many tags as they need to each one of their albums and their photos in order to classify them and enable meaningful searches. Design a database schema that fulfils these requirements. visitor username password Email address Photograph album Album ID name caption description tags photograph photographID name tags Username is foreign key in photograph album and albumID is foreign key in photograph Convert your logical schema from question 1 into a physical schema identifying each attribute data type. visitor Username Password Email address Photograph album albumID Name Caption Description Tags Photograph photographID Name tags A visitor has multiple photo albums i.e. 1-n relationship between visitor and photo album A photo album has multiple photographs in it i.e. 1-n relationship between photo album and photograph Write SQL statements which will implement the physical schema you created in question 2. Create some INSERT statements which will populate your tables with example data. INSERT INTO `photograph` (`photographID`, `caption`, `tags`) VALUES (photo1, caption1, tag1), (photo2, caption2, tag2); INSERT INTO `photographalbum` (`albumID`, `name`, `caption`, `description`, `tags`) VALUES (album1, name1, caption1, description1, tag1), (album2, name2, caption2, description2, tag2); INSERT INTO `visitor` (`username`, `password`, `emailAddress`) VALUES (visitor1, 12345, [emailprotected]), (visitor2, 12345, [emailprotected]); Using either the MySQL or Microsoft SQL Server database servers provided by the school implement your database using the SQL statements you created in question 3. SET SQL_MODE=NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `photograph` ( `photographID` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT , `caption` varchar(30) NOT NULL, `tags` varchar(30) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`photographID`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `photographalbum` ( `albumID` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT , `name` varchar(30) NOT NULL, `caption` varchar(30) NOT NULL, `description` varchar(30) NOT NULL, `tags` varchar(30) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`albumID`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `visitor` ( `username` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT , `password` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL, `emailAddress` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`username`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; Write a SELECT statement which will output all of the filenames in an album with a tag matching punk created by a person called Leibovitz. COMP1592 Organisation and Project Management Tutorial for Week 1.7 Critical Thinking Upload your answers in Week 1.8 For each of the following questions you must explain your strategy and approach to answering the question. Simply providing an answer is not sufficient. 1. In these designs there is a particular shape and a particular colour such that any of the designs which has one, and only one, of these features is called a PHOG. If the Blue Diamond is a PHOG, could any of these other designs be a PHOG? Answer: Since Blue Diamond is a PHOG, it means that the particular shape is Diamond or the particular colour is Blue. Based on this observation, we can say that Red Diamond (because it has the shape but not colour) or Blue Circle (because it has the colour but not shape) are PHOGs. 2. Which of the hidden parts of these cards do you NEED to see in order to answer the following question decisively? For these cards is it true that if there is a circle on the left there is a circle on the right? If above is ordering of respective cards, we should check Card-A and Card-D. For Card-A, if there is a circle on the right side and for Card-D, there is no circle on the left side, we can conclude that: If there is a circle on the left there is a circle on the right. It is useless to check Card-B, because even if there is a circle or not, it shall not affect the conclusion drawn. Similarly for Card-C, if there is a circle on left side, our conclusion shall be justified. And if there is no circle on the left side, it shall not affect the conclusion. 3. There is a truth teller (always tells the truth), a liar (always lies), and one who sometimes answers truthfully and sometimes lies. Each person knows who is who. You may ask three yes or no questions to determine who is who. Each time you ask a question, it must only be directed to one of the people. You may ask the same question more than once, but of course it will count towards your total. What are your questions and to whom will you ask them? Answer: Let us call them TT, AL and TL to symbolize. All of them shall say NO if they are asked if they are a Liar so: Ask TT: If I ask AL if he is a Liar, what would his answer be? If he says YES, TT is a Liar. If he says NO TT, is a Truth Teller. Then ask AL: If I ask TL if he is a Liar, what would his answer be? If he says YES, AL is a Liar. If he says NO, AL is a Truth Teller. And then ask TL: If I asked TT if he is a Liar, what would his answer be? If he says YES, TL is a Liar. If he says NO, TL is a Truth Teller 4. Three boxes are all labeled incorrectly, and you must get the labels right. The labels on the boxes read as follows: [Box 1] buttons [Box 2] coins [Box 3] coins and buttons To gain the information you need to move the labels to the correct boxes, you may remove a single item from one of the boxes. You may not look into the boxes, nor pick them up and shake them, etc. Answer: Since all labels are marked incorrectly, we know that the Box 3 marked with [Coins or Buttons] has any one of the two items and not both. Remove the label from this Box 3, pick one item from this Box 3 (it must be a coin or a button), remove the respective label (depending upon the item obtained) from other two boxes (Bow 1 or Box 2) and put it on this Box 3. Now we have Box 3 that has the right label on it. Now there is one Box without a label and the other Box with incorrect label. Remove the incorrect label because it is on the box that must be having both [Coins and Buttons]. Put this label on the other Box and [Coins or Button] label on this box. In this way we have done the right labeling. COMP1592 Organisation and Project Management Week 1.8 Step Wise: An approach to planning software projects Upload your answers in Week 1.9 What are the products created by the Step Wise planning process? Which of the following are not SMART objectives and why? Market research Research similar products User acceptance testing Investigate product requirements User training Test and Evaluate Design database Implement middleware Improve network performance Measure MTBF SMART means Specific, Measurable, Acceptable, Realistic, Time Framed Market Research: It is not a SMART objective because it is Specific to a segment of market, product; and there is no time framed specified Research Similar Products: It is not a SMART objective because it is not measurable with respect to other products. Also there are no time lines mentioned for it. User Acceptance Testing: It is not a SMART objective because it is not time bound. Investigate Product Requirements: It is not a SMART objective because the product is not specified; also there is no time line specified for it. User Training: It is not a SMART objective because the User training is not measurable and also there is no time frame mentioned for it. Test and Evaluate: It is not a SMART objective because there is no measuring parameter specified for evaluations. Also time frame is not available in which this testing and evaluation is to be done. Design Database: It is explicitly specified that the database of application is to be developed. But it is not a SMART objective for there is no time specified for it. Implement Middleware: This is a specific, measurable and realistic objective but not SMART because there are no timelines available for implementation. Improve Network Performance: There are no measuring elements that are mentioned for this performance activity. Also time frame is not mentioned for it. It may be specific and realistic but not a SMART objective. Measure MTBF: Measuring Mean Time between Failures is not a SMART objective because there is no time line mentioned to perform this task For each of the objectives in Q2 which are not SMART re-writes the objective so that it may be considered as SMART. Explain your reasoning. SMART means Specific, Measurable, Acceptable, Realistic, and Time Framed Market Research: Perform Market Research in next 2 weeks to check for need of a mobile phone that supports instant texting at university level and include students of age between 18-24 years. This is a SMART objective for it is specific about the work to be done, has time frame included into it, and is measurable, realistic and acceptable. Research Similar Products: Perform a Research Study among shop keepers of market in 4 weeks to check for competitors of Nokia 6300. This is a SMART objective for it is specific about the work to be done, has time frame included into it, and is measurable, realistic and acceptable. User Acceptance Testing: Conduct Software Testing with at least 50 students to check for newly developed Online Registration System in next 5 days. This is a SMART objective for it is specific about the work to be done, has time frame included into it, and is measurable, realistic and acceptable. Investigate Product Requirements: Have minimum of 5 meetings with client and prepare SRS document of new Software to be developed by the end of this month. This is a SMART objective for it is specific about the work to be done, has time frame included into it, and is measurable, realistic and acceptable. User Training: Arrange and ensure a single user training session for changes made in one of the modules. This training should not be of more than two hours. This is a SMART objective for it is specific about the work to be done, has time frame included into it, and is measurable, realistic and acceptable. Test and Evaluate: Conduct thorough testing of new Recording solution after taking minimum of 100 calls in 15 minutes. Repeat this activity 10 times at different timings. This is a SMART objective for it is specific about the work to be done, has time frame included into it, and is measurable, realistic and acceptable. Implement Middleware: Develop the Middleware of Patient Education module in 2 weeks and engage maximum of 4 available programmers. This is a SMART objective for it is specific about the work to be done, has time frame included into it, and is measurable, realistic and acceptable. Improve Network Performance: Identify applications that have higher network usage and try to monitor and configure them for next 24 hours to gain 5% improvement in network performance. This is a SMART objective for it is specific about the work to be done, has time frame included into it, and is measurable, realistic and acceptable. Measure MTBF: Execute parallel applications and determine MTBF within 2 hours after connecting 10 users to it. This is a SMART objective for it is specific about the work to be done, has time frame included into it, and is measurable, realistic and acceptable. 4. Amanda works for the Management Services department of a local authority. She has been active in organising the development of a computerised payroll processing system. The system is in the final stages of development. What products must exist before the activity test program can take place? Products: Software: Scope Context (environment) Information Objectives (input and output) Functionality and performance requirements Objectives: Scope Context What products does this activity create? Software Project Management activities are: Feasibility Report Planning Monitoring Execution Production Delivery Closing End of program 5. You are about to embark on an assessed group project as part of your degree programme. Draw up a list of the risks which may affect your assignment outcome. Individually classify the risks as high, medium and low. What can be done to reduce the impact of these risks on your project? Following are the risks that can be faced during this project or academic assignment. Scale: High Risk- H Medium Risk M Low Risk -R Project risks Budget (H) Budget risk can be reduced if the market value and demand of the project is marketed before. Schedule (M) Proper formal MS project plan will help reduce this risk. Personnel (L) Although it is an academic project and the personnel risk has low COMP1592 Organisation and Project Manageme

The Sun Lord of All Ages :: Sun Culture Cultures Cultural Essays

The Sun Lord of All Ages "Sun, heavenly body whose light makes our day, member of the solar system round which the planets revolve "( definition according to the Webster's New Elementary Dictionary). In the literature of the mythology, the legends that relate to the creation of the shiny body occupy a very important role. It was natural for ancient cultures in remote times to speculate about the creation of the visible universe, and specially about the creation of the sun. The sun is presented in a lot of different myths as born from one of the eyes of The Creator God, or as springing into life as the sacrifice of the life of a god or hero, or sometimes as the Supreme Creator itself. While traveling through the different cultures existent in the ancient times, we can recognize common aspects in their different myths. In the case of the sun related myths, we can see common aspect concerning: his creation, and the sun-man relationship. Even though the sun plays an important role in almost all the creatio n myths, there are some cultures were his role it is more important than in others. For example, in the Egyptian myths he is presented as the supreme creator, in the case of the Toltec and Aztec myths he is mostly related to the creation and destruction of the five different worlds and the humans that lived in each of them. In order of importance of the role of the sun in the different cultures, the Egyptians are one of the first ones. For them the sun was the greatest god of all. According to their legends, at the beginning , the world was a waste of water called Nu, from were the sun god was born. "He first appeared as a shiny egg, which floated upon the water's breast and the spirits of the deep, who where the Mother and the Father, were with him there as he was with Nu, for they were the companions of Nu. Ra [Egyptian name for the sun] was greater than Nu from whom he arose. He was the divine father and strong ruler of gods" (Mackenzie, 1). This was the Egyptian explanation for the appearance of that shiny body in the sky, who kept them warm and gave them light during the day, and caused plants to grow which they needed as food to survive.

Catullus One

Catullus was a Roman poet in the 1st century BCE. His poems were known for being differently written from what his contemporaries were writing at the time. While others were writing more â€Å"manly† poetry, about their sexual conquests, Catullus was less racy in his writings. In his â€Å"Poem 1†, Catullus is dedicating his new poetry to a man named Cornelius. While not a love poem like he usually wrote, â€Å"Poem 1† shows several aspects of Roman culture and gives us a glimpse of how Romans tried to make a lasting impression on the world of the future.In â€Å"Poem 1†, Catullus is simply dedicating his new poetry to Cornelius. He says that Cornelius â€Å"had the habit of making much of my poetic little†, which seems as if Catullus is saying that Cornelius made his poetry more of a big deal than it was worth. This may mean that Cornelius was very excited to be reading Catullus' poetry, implying that the two were friends, or that Cornelius was jus t an admirer of Catullus'. This is reinforced by the next line which states, â€Å"†¦ the first in Italy, were boldly unfolding all past ages in three volumes†¦ . In Rome, at this point in history, preserving one's legacy was a very important task to undertake. It was on the mind of most every notable Roman.Whether it was through great acts committed in the name of Rome or through great works of literature, everyone wanted to be remembered far down the line. What we see in Catullus' â€Å"Poem 1† is this notion of eternal preservation. Catullus says that he will give his new collection to Cornelius and that he hopes that, â€Å"for the sake of its patron may it survive a century or better. This shows the Roman preoccupation with the preservation of their legacy. Catullus' poem may also show the Roman idea of amicitia, or friendship. In Rome, friendship could be an actual friendship, where those involved have a sort of admiration and respect for each other, or a ci rcle of favors where one Roman would do a favor for another. It is possible that Catullus says that he will dedicate this poem to Cornelius as a return of a favor that Cornelius did for Catullus or in order for Cornelius to does him a favor later down the line.But it seems more likely, based on the way that he writes, that Cornelius and Catullus are good friends and Catullus is preserving his friend's name at the same time as he is trying preserve his own and to secure his legacy. The poem is ambiguous in the fact that it does not come right out and say whether Catullus is being sarcastic with his words. As stated earlier, it seems that the relationship between Catullus and Cornelius is one of friendship. However, there is room for interpretation towards the sarcastic side of Catullus' writing.It could be that Cornelius is a critic of Catullus, who tries to make little of his great works of literature. The dedication could actually be a jab at Cornelius if he is in fact a critic of Catullus' writing. Catullus has used his poems to attack his critics before, as in â€Å"Poem Sixteen†. He used his poetry to attack two critics, Aurelius and Furius, who were criticizing Catullus' less than masculine writing style. These aspects of Roman culture, the preservation of legacies and the concept of amicitia, are shown not only in Catullus' work, but also in other writings from the time.Many letters from Cicero to various correspondents show the value of amicitia, both the true friendship and the circle of favors that were both part of this friendship. When he writes to and about Tiro, it is shown that there will be an exchange of favors as Cicero has recently freed Tiro, who was his servant. In exchange, Tiro will be indebted to Cicero and will have to perform a service for him later to repay this favor. The preservation of legacies is apparent in other readings by Catullus as well. In â€Å"Poems 68 and 101†, Catullus uses his poetry to preserve the legac y of other men.He tells us of a friend of his named Allius and of his brother. This man, Allius, aided Catullus after the death of Catullus' brother. He offered him a home to stay under and the mistress of the house to take care of him. This poem also exemplifies the Roman favor system. In repayment for his aid to Catullus, Allius' legacy was preserved in â€Å"Poem 68†. Catullus' brother was also preserved in these poems. He tells us of the grief that he feels in the wake of his brother's death, and by doing so tells us of his brother. Catullus was a very strange writer to read.His poems could vary in subject matter from his obsession over Lesbia, to attacking his critics, to how he has writer's block after the death of his brother. However, his poems did accomplish one of the most important of Roman goals. He was remembered. And through our remembrance of Catullus, we are given a small glimpse into Roman society in his life and what was valued by that society. In addition t o this, we also remember many other Roman men who he preserved with his poetry. Without the efforts of Catullus and many others in their attempts to be remembered, we would not have the wealth of information that we do today about life in Rome.